Recently, battery energy storage systems (BESS) have gained importance due to the increased penetration of renewable energy plants in the electricity grid, which have intermittent energy production, thus affecting electrical grid control and operation. Despite the advantages of BESS standard approach, the system faces challenges in operating second-life batteries, due to their multifaceted characteristics. The literature therefore proposes the integration of dc/dc converters and batteries in an approach called the smart battery. This article proposes a steady-state model of dc/dc converters when associated with smart batteries, relating the output voltage to the battery capacity, and uses simulations in the PLECS software to validate the proposal. The results show that both steady-state output voltage and the expected state-of-charge error can be controlled. Thus, second-life batteries can be integrated in BESS through dc/dc converters.
